The Rakhine people in Bangladesh are an ethnic minority group who are descendants of the Rakhine community originally from the Rakhine State of Myanmar, Also known as Arakanese. They have lived in the southeastern coastal areas of Bangladesh, particularly in Cox’s Bazar, Bandarban, and Patuakhali districts, for several centuries. Their presence in Bangladesh predates the creation of the modern nation-state and is tied to historical migration, trade, and settlement.
1. Origins of Rakhine people
- The Rakhine community in Bangladesh traces its roots to the Kingdom of Arakan, which once spanned parts of modern-day Rakhine State in Myanmar and southeastern Bangladesh.
- They began settling in the region as early as the 16th century due to trade, political alliances, and, later, displacement following the Burmese conquest of Arakan in 1784.
2. Geographic Distribution
- Cox’s Bazar District: Significant Rakhine settlements, such as Ramu, are known for their Buddhist monasteries and temples.
- Bandarban District: A hill-tract area where the Rakhine coexist with other indigenous groups like the Chakma, Marma, and Tripura peoples.
- Patuakhali District: Coastal areas where the Rakhine engage in fishing, agriculture, and small-scale trade.
3. Livelihood and Economy
- Many Rakhine in Bangladesh rely on agriculture, fishing, and handicrafts for their livelihood.
- Traditional weaving and the production of Rakhine textiles are notable aspects of their economy and cultural identity.
4. Challenges
- Marginalization: As a small ethnic and religious minority, the Rakhine often face social and economic marginalization in Bangladesh.
- Loss of Language and Culture: Younger generations increasingly adopt Bangla as their primary language, leading to concerns about the erosion of their cultural heritage.
- Land Rights Issues: Disputes over land ownership and encroachment on traditional Rakhine settlements have been ongoing challenges.
5. Integration and Preservation
- The Rakhine community has made efforts to preserve their heritage through community organizations and the promotion of traditional art, culture, and education.
- They often collaborate with other indigenous groups and NGOs to advocate for their rights and cultural preservation.
The Rakhine people in Bangladesh are a small but significant part of the country’s multicultural fabric, contributing to its diversity while striving to retain their distinct identity amidst modern challenges.
The history of the Rakhine community
The Rakhine community has a rich and complex history rooted in the region of Rakhine State in present-day Myanmar. Their history is marked by the rise and fall of kingdoms, cultural exchanges, and interactions with neighboring regions. Here’s an overview:
Ancient and Early History
- Origins: The Rakhine people are believed to be descendants of Indo-Aryan settlers who arrived in the region over 3,000 years ago. Archaeological findings suggest a blend of Southeast Asian, and local influences in their early culture.
- Dhanyawadi and Vesali Kingdoms: Between the 4th and 11th centuries, the region was home to ancient kingdoms such as Dhanyawadi and Vesali, which were heavily influenced by Indian civilization. These kingdoms adopted Buddhism, which remains the predominant religion among the Rakhine people.
The Rise of the Arakan Kingdom
- Mrauk U Period (1430–1784): Mrauk U became the capital of a powerful Arakanese kingdom. During this era, the kingdom thrived as a center of trade and culture, connecting the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. It maintained close ties with Bengal, which influenced its art, architecture, and administration.
- Golden Age: The Mrauk U Kingdom reached its height under kings like Min Saw Mon, and its rulers were known for patronizing Theravāda Buddhism while incorporating Hindu and Islamic elements.
Post-Independence and Modern Era
- Post-1948 Myanmar: After Myanmar’s independence, Rakhine State became part of the newly formed nation. However, the region experienced political and ethnic tensions, including conflicts between the Rakhine Buddhist majority and the Rohingya Muslim minority.
- Migration to Bangladesh: Due to historical conflicts, many Rakhine people migrated to southeastern Bangladesh, where they now constitute an ethnic minority. They have preserved their cultural and religious practices despite being a small community.
The language Rakhine people speak
The Rakhine community predominantly communicates in the Rakhine language, a dialect of Burmese that belongs to the Tibeto-Burman branch of languages. While it is mutually intelligible with standard Burmese, the Rakhine dialect has distinct phonological and lexical differences that set it apart.
The cultural practices and traditions of the Rakhine people
The Rakhine people have a rich cultural heritage influenced by their history, geography, and Buddhist traditions. Their cultural practices reflect a blend of Southeast Asian and South Asian influences, shaped over centuries of interaction with neighboring regions.
1. Religion and Spiritual Practices
- Theravāda Buddhism:
- Buddhism is central to the Rakhine people’s identity. Monasteries and pagodas play a vital role in their spiritual and social life.
- Festivals and rituals often revolve around Buddhist teachings, and many Rakhine men become monks for a period during their lives.
- Traditional Festivals:
- Buddha Purnima (Full Moon Festival): Celebrated with prayers, offerings, and processions.
- Water Festival (Thingyan): Similar to the Burmese New Year festival, the Rakhine version
Ramu Buddhist Temple includes water fights and traditional dances.
- Kuthina Festival: Involves offerings of robes and necessities to monks.
2. Arts and Crafts
- Weaving: The Rakhine are skilled in traditional weaving, producing colorful and intricate textiles, especially for sarongs and other garments.
- Woodcarving and Pottery: Decorative carvings and pottery are commonly crafted, often reflecting Buddhist motifs and local legends.
- Traditional Painting: Influenced by Buddhist themes and local folklore, Rakhine paintings often depict scenes from the life of the Buddha or landscapes.
3. Traditional Dress
- Men: Typically wear a longyi (a sarong-like garment) paired with a shirt or jacket.
- Women: Wear colorful htamein (long skirts) and blouses, often adorned with intricate patterns reflecting Rakhine artistry.
- Special Occasions: Traditional attire becomes more elaborate during festivals and ceremonies, showcasing vibrant designs and handmade fabrics.
4. Music and Dance
- Traditional Instruments: Instruments like the saung-gauk (arched harp), drums, and gongs are integral to Rakhine music.
- Dance: Rakhine traditional dance is characterized by graceful movements and is often performed during festivals and weddings.
- Folk Songs: Sung in the Rakhine dialect, these songs narrate tales of love, nature, and historical events.
5. Cuisine
- Staples: Rice and fish are the main staples of the Rakhine diet, reflecting their coastal heritage.
- Signature Dishes:
- Mont Di: A rice noodle dish served with fish soup or a dry fish curry.
- Fermented Fish (Ngapi): A staple ingredient used in many dishes.
- Spicy Curries: Known for their use of chili, tamarind, and other bold flavors.
6. Social Customs
- Community Life: Villages are tightly-knit, with community events and collective activities like farming and fishing being central to daily life.
- Respect for Elders: Elders hold a revered place in society, and younger members show respect through traditional gestures and language.
- Marriage: Weddings are celebrated with traditional rituals, music, and communal feasts.
7. Architecture
- Pagodas and Monasteries: The Rakhine are known for their stunning pagodas, such as the Shwetaung Pagoda and Mrauk U temples, which showcase intricate carvings and historical significance.
- Traditional Houses: Built on stilts, these houses are made of bamboo and wood, designed to withstand the coastal climate.
8. Folklore and Literature
- Myths and Legends: Stories of ancient kings, spirits, and Buddhist parables are passed down through generations.
- Epic Poems and Songs: Rakhine literature is rich in poetry, often reflecting themes of morality, nature, and love.
9. Festivals and Celebrations
- Rakhine New Year: Celebrated with traditional games, food, and community gatherings.
- Harvest Festivals: Mark the end of the agricultural season with prayers and feasts, thanking the spirits and deities for their blessings.
Current Situation
As of January 2025, the Rakhine community continues to preserve its unique cultural identity, including language, traditional practices, and religious customs. The Rakhine population in Bangladesh is estimated to be around 16,000 individuals, predominantly settled in the Cox’s Bazar and Patuakhali districts. They live in close-knit communities, engaging primarily in agriculture, fishing, and small-scale trade. Access to education remains a concern for the Rakhine community. While there have been improvements in literacy rates, challenges persist in terms of educational infrastructure, availability of culturally relevant curriculum, and opportunities for higher education.
The Bangladeshi government recognizes the Rakhine as an indigenous ethnic minority. Efforts have been made to support minority communities through various development programs. However, the Rakhine community still faces challenges related to political representation, resource allocation, and integration into broader national development initiatives.
